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Biological control is recorded around 300 AD in China, when colonies of weaver ants, Oecophylla smaragdina, were intentionally put in citrus plantations to control beetles and caterpillars.5 Additionally in China, ducks were utilized in paddy fields to consume insects, as illustrated in ancient cave art. In 1762, an Indian mynah was brought to Mauritius to control locusts, and about the same period, citrus trees in Burma were connected by bamboos to allow ants to maneuver between them and help control caterpillars.
Biological pest control is a method of controlling pests such as insects and mites by using different organisms.8 It depends on predation, parasitism, herbivory or other natural mechanisms, but normally also involves an active human management function. Classical biological control involves the introduction of natural enemies of the insect which are bred in the laboratory and introduced into the environment.
The released organism will breed and survive, and supply long-term control.9 Biological control can be an important component of an integrated pest management programme. .
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For instance: mosquitoes are often controlled by putting Bt Bacillus thuringiensis ssp. Israelensis, a bacterium which infects and kills mosquito larvae, in local water resources.10
Mechanical pest control is the use of hands-on techniques in addition to simple equipment and devices, that offers a protective barrier between plants and insects. This is known as tillage and is one of the earliest methods of weed control as well as being used for pest control; wireworms, the creatures of the common click beetle, are very harmful pests of newly ploughed grassland, and perennial cultivation exposes them to the birds and other predators that feed on them.11.
Crop rotation can help control pests by depriving them of the host plants. It's an important tactic in the control of corn rootworm, and has reduced early season incidence of Colorado potato beetle by up to 95 percent.12
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A trap crop is a crop of a plant which attracts insects, diverting them from nearby crops.13 Pests aggregated on the trap crop can be more easily controlled using go to my blog pesticides or other methods.14 However, trap-cropping, on its own, has often failed to cost effectively reduce pest densities on large industrial scales, without using pesticides, possibly as a result of pests' ability to spread back into the main area.14.
Pesticides are applied to crops by agricultural aircraft, tractor-mounted crop sprayers or as seed dressings to control insects. But effective control by pesticides is not simple; the ideal formulation has to be chosen, the timing is often crucial, the procedure of application is important, sufficient coverage and retention on the crop are necessary.
This is very important in countries where there are natural reservoirs of pests and their enemies in the countryside surrounding plantation crops, and these co-exist in a delicate balance. Often in less-developed countries, the crops are click for more info well adapted to the local situation and no pesticides are needed. Where innovative farmers are using fertilisers to grow improved crop varieties, these are often more susceptible to pest damage, but the indiscriminate application of pesticides may be detrimental in the longer term.15.
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The efficacy of chemical pesticides tends to diminish over time. That is because any organism which manages to endure the initial application will pass on its genes to its offspring and a resistant strain will be developed. In this way, a number of the most serious pests have developed resistance and therefore are no longer killed by pesticides that used to kill their ancestors.
